This scoping evaluate was performed to look at digital studying design in OT training, built-in key medical expertise, outcomes, participant experiences, and applied sciences that promote lively studying. The research included on this evaluate had been quantitative, qualitative, and combined research to discover digital design in OT training, and many of the research had been observational, qualitative, and combined research of those two designs. Further research are wanted to determine the effectiveness of digital design in OT training. 5 main designs have been recognized: blended studying, hybrid studying, flipped classroom, and distance studying (together with e-learning and MOOC).
Key medical expertise built-in into digital studying
Skilled reasoning is a necessary characteristic of healthcare follow that focuses on assessing wants, planning interventions, and delivering and evaluating well being care [47]. Not like skilled reasoning in different fields of well being care that focuses on analysis or impairment, skilled reasoning in OT considers the consumer, the setting, and the context of efficiency [39]. For occupational therapists to set therapy targets and outcomes which might be acceptable for his or her purchasers, they have to think about the data, beliefs, setting, and context of their purchasers and their households [48]. Skilled reasoning is the core competency {of professional} occupational therapists, which is paramount within the consumer’s problem-solving course of and is likely one of the competencies that should be fostered within the college curriculum. Scientific expertise are an essential characteristic of the healthcare skilled’s curriculum by way of particular curriculum hours, a variety of evaluation strategies and procedures, and specifically designed laboratories [49]. Scientific expertise included bodily examination expertise, sensible procedures, communication expertise, and administration. Fundamental scientific data, procedural data, {and professional} reasoning parts are the parts for buying medical expertise. That’s, fundamental scientific data (declarative data) and procedural data are the underlying data for skilled reasoning [17]. Scientific expertise in OT embrace educated fundamental scientific data to know the pathophysiology of the consumer’s impairment, procedural data that serves as a theoretical framework for understanding the consumer’s issues and options, and planning OT intervention methods. In buying these two medical expertise, skilled reasoning expertise, which is a sensible problem-solving course of primarily based on case situations and associated medical conditions, is achieved [50, 51].
Most research on this evaluate addressed particular topics and included procedural data except for research that concerned some or all semesters of OT programs. The themes included procedural data and/or skilled reasoning parts addressing varied OT main programs (e.g., FOR, adaptive gear, psychological well being) or interdisciplinary programs (e.g., interprofessional staff expertise), or case-based skilled reasoning coaching (e.g., sensory processing, OPPM). This reveals that skilled reasoning, an essential competency in OT training, and the procedural data underlying skilled reasoning will be built-in into digital studying. One examine addressed fundamental scientific data about human anatomy, and 3D anatomy software program was built-in throughout F2F courses [25]. The 3D software program will help perceive anatomical relationships past the textbook-based 2D format used within the conventional OT curriculum. These outcomes acknowledge that superior expertise is a great tool for enhancing fundamental science data and is changing into a serious type of educating and studying.
Digital studying designs and outcomes
Blended studying
Blended studying entails F2F courses accompanied by on-line actions and supplies. The net supplies used weren’t meant to switch the F2F class session however to complement the content material mentioned within the classroom [19]. The blended programs on this evaluate confirmed comparable or larger enchancment in studying outcomes in comparison with the F2F group [25, 26, 31, 39]. That is in step with the blended studying designs having a more practical or equal impact than the F2F class on the training end result in PT training, as reported by Ødegaard et al. [13]. As well as, college students within the blended studying design research reported subjective opinions comparable to enchancment of communication between college students, acceptable course design and on-line studying setting to realize studying outcomes and enhancements in autonomy and lively participation [26,27,28, 31, 38]. That is in line with the outcomes of earlier research that framed studying targets; using expertise to assist the achievement of these targets in training improves scholar engagement, student-student communication, student-instructor communication, and promotes vital dialogue [52, 53]. Two research reported the usefulness of a software program instrument (3D anatomy and sport software for adaptive gear) used throughout the F2F class [25, 28]. Sport-based studying is changing into an academic approach for reproducing some or the entire medical experiences in healthcare skilled training [54]. As well as, using expertise comparable to 3D anatomy has the benefit of accelerating college students’ motivation to be taught and shortening their studying time [55]. Though there’s nonetheless not sufficient clear proof that software program is a superior studying instrument in OT studying and educating, it may be a promising instrument to boost medical expertise in OT training.
Flipped classroom mannequin
Two research adopted the flipped studying mannequin and reported a optimistic influence on studying outcomes in OT training [33, 44]. Ødegaard et al. [13] reported a optimistic impact of flipped studying on studying outcomes in PT training by way of a meta-analysis, however Evans et al. [56]. reported that the impact was not clear in healthcare greater training. In OT training, enough research are wanted to confirm the effectiveness of flipped studying design. The pre-class studying actions of the flipped studying mannequin encourage college students, promote participation in studying, and enhance the self-regulation, flexibility, and transparency of the training course of. In-class actions assist with higher-order considering by offering alternatives so as to add new content material to current data to unravel issues [57]. These options of flipped design had been mirrored within the optimistic experiences of scholars reported in flipped design research on this evaluate. They reported optimistic experiences, comparable to peer interplay and cooperation, improved participation in studying, and elevated particular person studying time by way of the flipped studying design.
Hybrid studying
Two of the research adopted a hybrid studying design. The hybrid and F2F teams confirmed comparable results on tutorial outcomes [42], preparation for certification exams, realized expertise, and sense of belonging [43]. It was additionally reported that the variety of hybrid course graduates for the state OT affiliation was considerably greater than that for F2F [43]. Which means that hybrid studying is a studying methodology with the potential to achieve a wider viewers by permitting entry to training anyplace in addition to equality of studying outcomes. In a evaluate by Raes et al. [58], individuals reported that hybrid studying is versatile in college students’ course attendance in greater training, and creates richer studying experiences by way of collaboration and connections between F2F and distant college students, thus facilitating college students’ publicity to broader views and concepts. That is in line with the outcomes of hybrid studying included on this evaluate. Nonetheless, there are challenges within the design and implementation of academic methods and technical techniques which might be appropriate for hybrid studying [58]. As well as, there’s inadequate analysis to debate the effectiveness of hybrid studying and college students’ experiences in OT training. In future OT training, extra analysis is required on varied academic situations for hybrid studying and their impact on studying outcomes.
Distance studying; E-learning, MOOC
Distance studying is an important phenomenon in greater training right this moment [59], offering learners with flexibility, mobility, and selection for studying [60]. E-learning was the commonest distance studying methodology recognized on this evaluate (n = 10), and one examine adopted the MOOC [32].
Distance studying has change into an more and more essential mode of studying and educating in standard universities, persevering with training, and company coaching [61]. The options of distance studying, together with these varied learners, are mentioned on this evaluate. Distance studying research included a wide range of learners, together with fieldwork training and persevering with training for clinicians, in addition to campus courses for OT college students. In contrast with conventional studying, distance studying in skilled healthcare training has reported comparable or small optimistic results on skilled data, attitudes, expertise, and satisfaction [62, 63]. The outcomes of distance studying on this evaluate are additionally in line with these of earlier research. In contrast with F2F, the space studying course confirmed comparable or larger enchancment in tutorial efficiency [29, 30, 32, 37]. The pivotal function of e-learning is interplay and follow workouts, repetition, and suggestions, that are associated to enhancing studying outcomes [64]. That is in line with the perceptions of scholars’ experiences. The roles of e-learning had been applied with varied web-based instruments, together with the digital classroom platform, LMS, and experiences comparable to interplay and studying autonomy and promotion of higher-order considering. Nonetheless, some college students commented on the pedagogical and technical challenges of e-learning. They reported that they most popular the mixture of e-learning and F2F [29] and that e-learning has limitations in interplay between learners [37], in contrast to F2F. Know-how is a bodily instrument, not a theoretical considering instrument or idea. Nonetheless, it adjustments the way in which we take into consideration duties and the way we carry out them [65]. Due to this fact, in e-learning, it’s essential to plan an acceptable studying design for the educating and studying platform in consideration of the traits of the topic (e.g., concept class/sensible class). As well as, establishing an acceptable on-line setting for lively studying, comparable to interactions between learners, and equipping instructors and learners with competence in utilizing the expertise will likely be essential features.
Digital studying promotes lively studying
Lively studying methods are utilized to on-line periods for varied causes. The aim of lively studying is to have interaction learners in higher-order considering (e.g., evaluation, synthesis, and analysis) that permits them to assimilate, apply, and maintain studying [66]. It additionally accommodates learners’ numerous studying kinds, promotes learner achievement, strengthens motivation, and allows them to be taught extra [66]. A lot of the research on this evaluate utilized varied lively studying methods, both synchronously or asynchronously, comparable to considering and reflection, dialogue, peer learning-group exercise, and gamifying on-line studying by way of varied contents delivered electronically. An internet session entails the continuum of content material delivered electronically, from single assignments [67], and using computer-based studying administration techniques to completely web-based programs [68]. Specifically, 9 research on this evaluate used administration system platforms comparable to Blackboard, WebCT (net courset Instruments), and Moodle [26, 27, 31, 34,35,36, 41, 45, 46], most of which have been utilized in e-learning course design. The core features of the system are scholar administration and monitoring, materials presentation, communication, scheduling, and learner testing. These techniques concentrate on collaboration between learners and teacher suggestions by way of dialogue boards and scholar e-projects. It’s due to this fact well-suited for participating learners in lively studying methods, that are lively processes that enable instructors and learners to change into knowledge-building companions [69]. On-line periods of blended, flipped, and hybrid studying additionally performed a number one function in integrating lively studying with efficient studying actions, comparable to discussions, project-based or problem-based assignments, or laboratory workouts. College students who participated in these programs reported that lively studying methods might present rapid and frequent suggestions from instructors throughout lively studying actions and facilitate collaboration and interplay with different college students. As well as, college students reported that it helped them to have a broader understanding of the training content material and construct their very own studying fashion. This means that, in OT training, a web-based format will be an efficient technique of buying data and expertise by integrating lively studying methods. As well as, it’s essential to plan a studying design that considers the efficient lively studying methods that may be integrated into the web format.
Limitations
Because of the nature of the scoping evaluate, which goals to supply an outline or map of the proof, this examine didn’t consider the chance of bias, so it was not attainable to make clear the reporting, methodological high quality, and intervention effectiveness of the included research. Some research confirmed a scarcity of element in interventions, whereas others reported non-validated end result measures comparable to self-reports and underreported statistical strategies. It’s tough to guage the effectiveness of various designs in digital studying due to the restricted variety of research in every digital studying design, and most of the research included on this evaluate concerned qualitative analyses of scholars’ perceptions of studying experiences. Nonetheless, we discovered optimistic responses to the design of digital studying that included improved tutorial efficiency, skilled reasoning, studying participation and satisfaction, lively studying, self-confidence, and total effectivity of studying. Though the formation of the analysis query and search course of was systematically performed for a excessive stage of scientific high quality, the search technique and exclusion standards might have resulted within the omission of associated research. As well as, though varied varieties of digital studying designs had been recognized and analyzed on this evaluate, the definitions used will not be full, and thus, there could also be limitations in evaluating designs and synthesizing the outcomes. Lastly, though this evaluation of this medical ability kind could also be framed as outdoors this scoping evaluate, this isn’t the principle function or intent of this examine. Sooner or later, will probably be essential to exhibit outcomes, together with the effectiveness of digital studying, utilizing extra strong examine designs and experimental research. With the fast evolution of using expertise in studying and the increasing related literature, it’s crucial that the definition and division of digital studying are clarified.
